Angkasawan Edwin E. Aldrin,
Jr, juruterbang modul lunar misi pendaratan lunar yang pertama, menimbulkan
untuk gambar di sebelah dikerahkan bendera Amerika Syarikat semasa Apollo 11
Extravehicular Aktiviti (EVA) di kawasan permukaan lunar dipanggil Laut
Ketenangan dalam ini 20 Julai 1969 foto file (Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr.,
lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission, poses for a photograph beside
the deployed United States flag during Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity (EVA)
on the lunar surface area called the Sea of Tranquility in this 20 July 1969
file photo (AFP Photo)
ADtv - Jika
anda pernah meragui sebarang bentuk naratif rasmi, maka anda jauh dari pakar-semata
mengatakan bahawa lebih separuh daripada rakyat di Amerika Syarikat percaya
dalam sekurang-kurangnya satu kononnya teori konspirasi.
Kajian
terbaru menunjukkan bahawa kira-kira 50 % peratus daripada penduduk Amerika
melanggan sekurang-kurangnya satu teori konspirasi, Radio Awam Kebang-saan sains
sosial wartawan Shankar Vedantam memberitahu Edisi Pagi NPR ‘NPR’s Morning Edition’ minggu ini.
Sama
ada kebimbangan mengenai sifat sebenar pendaratan ke bulan, pembunuhan Kennedy
atau apa sahaja yang dibayangkan – pakar2 berkata sekurang-kurangnya
separuh daripada Amerika Syarikat tidak begitu pasti apa yang perlu berfikir
tentang beberapa topik yang paling kontroversi daripada beberapa generasi lalu.
Vedantam
memberitahu NPR penyelidik Eric Oliver dan Thomas Wood di Universiti Chicago
telah datang dengan statistik mengejutkan terkini, yang bergantung kepada data
yang dicatatkan oleh 4 kaji selidik nasional wakil dijalankan antara 2006 dan
2011.
Menggunakan
mereka pemilihan, Oliver dan Kayu menulis, "[Kami] mendapati bahawa
separuh daripada orang awam Amerika secara konsisten menyokong
sekurang-kurang-nya satu teori konspirasi dan banyak teori konspirasi popular
dibezakan di sepanjang dimensi ideologi dan anomik."
"Berbeza
dengan banyak spekulasi teori, kita tidak mendapati conspiracism menjadi produk
autoritarianisme yang lebih besar, kejahilan, atau konservatisme politik.
Sebaliknya,
kemungkinan menyokong teori konspirasi amat diramalkan oleh kesediaan untuk
mempercayai ghaib lain, kuasa2 yang disengajakan dan satu tarikan kepada
kisah Manichean, "mereka menulis.
"Penemuan
ini menunjukkan kedua-dua tarikan meluas teori konspirasi sebagai penje-lasan
politik dan menawarkan perspektif baru pada kuasa-kuasa yang membentuk pendapat
massa dan budaya politik Amerika."
Menurut
Vedantam, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa tidak semua orang sama ada menyorokkan
keraguan sama.
"Jadi
19 % peratus rakyat Amerika percaya kerajaan Amerika Syarikat di belakang
serangan 9/11.
25
% peratus percaya krisis kewangan baru-baru ini telah disebabkan oleh
bersekongkol kecil bank Wall Street.
11
%peratus daripada orang percaya kerajaan mandat yang beralih ke padat mentol
lampu floresen kerana mentol lampu membuat orang taat dan mudah untuk mengawal,
"katanya kepada NPR.
"Saya
fikir apa-apa kajian ini ialah supaya kesediaan untuk percaya kepada satu
teori-teori ini adalah benar-benar meluas di seluruh spektrum. Dan kumpulan
yang berbeza orang mungkin percaya teori yang berbeza, tetapi kecenderungan
untuk percaya seolah-olah benar-benar meluas," katanya.
Conspiracy
theory? Half of Americans
believe them, research shows . . .
If
you’ve ever doubted any sort of official narrative, then you’re far from alone:
experts say that more than half of the people in the United States believe in
at least one so-called conspiracy theory.
Recent
studies suggest that around 50 percent of the American populations subscribes
to at least one conspiracy theory, National Public Radio social science
correspondent Shankar Vedantam told NPR’s Morning Edition this week.
Whether
it’s concerns about the true nature of the moon landing, the Kennedy
assassination or just about anything imaginable - experts say at least half of
the US isn’t so sure what to think about some of the most controversial topics
of the last few generations.
Vedantam
told NPR that researchers Eric Oliver and Thomas Wood at the University of
Chicago have come up with the latest staggering statistic, which relies on data
recorded by four nationally representative surveys conducted between 2006 and
2011.
Using
those polls, Oliver and Wood wrote, “[we] find that half of the American public
consistently endorses at least one conspiracy theory and that many popular
conspiracy theories are differentiated along ideological and anomic
dimensions.”
“In
contrast with many theoretical speculations, we do not find conspiracism to be
a product of greater authoritarianism, ignorance, or political conservatism.
Rather, the likelihood of supporting conspiracy theories is strongly predicted
by a willingness to believe in other unseen, intentional forces and an
attraction to Manichean narratives,” they wrote.
“These findings both
demonstrate the widespread allure of conspiracy theories as political
explanations and offer new perspectives on the forces that shape mass opinion
and American political culture.”
According
to Vedantam, the research suggests that not everyone harbors the same doubts,
either.
“So
19 percent of Americans believe the U.S. government was behind the 9/11
attacks; 25 percent believe the recent financial crisis was caused by the small
cabal of Wall Street bankers; 11 percent of people believe the government is
mandating a switch to compact florescent light bulbs because the light bulbs
make people obedient and easy to control,” he told NPR.
“I
think what this research is suggesting is that the willingness to believe in
one of these theories is really widespread across the spectrum. And different
groups of people might believe different theories, but the propensity to
believe seems really widespread,” he added.
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